Herbal Monograph
Wild Cherry Bark
Prunus serotina
Rosaceae
Cooling respiratory sedative that calms irritative coughs while tonifying digestion during convalescence
Overview
Plant Description
Prunus serotina is a large, deciduous hardwood tree native to eastern and central North America, capable of reaching 50 to 100 feet (15-30 m) in height with a trunk diameter of up to 4 feet (1.2 m). The bark on mature trees is dark gray to black, rough in texture, and separates in characteristic thick, irregular plates with upturned edges, giving it a distinctive 'burnt potato chip' appearance. Young branches display smooth, dark, reddish-brown bark with conspicuous horizontal lenticels. The alternate, simple leaves are oval to lance-shaped, 2 to 5 inches long, with finely serrate margins bearing incurved teeth. The upper leaf surface is dark green and glossy, while the undersurface is lighter with rusty-brown hairs along the midrib. Fragrant white flowers appear in pendant terminal racemes 3 to 6 inches long in late spring (May-June). The fruit is a small, globular drupe about the size of a pea, ripening to purplish-black in August to September, with a bittersweet, slightly astringent taste. When the inner bark or fresh wood is scraped, it produces a characteristic bitter almond odor due to the liberation of hydrocyanic acid from cyanogenic glycosides. The bark collected from the root is considered the most medicinally potent, though branch bark is also widely used.
Habitat
Wild cherry thrives in moist, rich, well-drained soils in mixed hardwood forests, forest edges, old fields, fencerows, and disturbed woodlands. It is commonly found as an early successional species in forest gaps and openings, growing best in deep, fertile loamy soils but tolerating a range of soil conditions including sandy and clay substrates. It prefers partial to full sun and is frequently found along streams, on north-facing slopes, and at forest margins. In the southern Appalachian mountains, it occurs at elevations up to 5,000 feet. It is moderately shade-tolerant when young but requires canopy openings to reach full maturity. The tree is susceptible to eastern tent caterpillar and cherry scallop shell moth infestations.
Distribution
Prunus serotina is native to a broad range across eastern and central North America, extending from Nova Scotia and southern Quebec west through southern Ontario to Minnesota and the Dakotas, and south through the central plains to Texas and across to Florida. Disjunct populations occur in the mountains of Mexico and Central America (subsp. capuli) and in the southwestern United States (subsp. virens). The species has been widely naturalized in Europe, where it is considered invasive in parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Poland, having been originally introduced as an ornamental and timber tree in the 17th century. It is most abundant and reaches its largest dimensions in the Allegheny Plateau region of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and western New York.
Parts Used
Inner bark (root bark preferred, branch bark commonly used)
Preferred: Dried bark for cold infusion, syrup, or tincture
The inner bark of the root is traditionally considered the most potent preparation, though the bark of young branches (1-3 inches diameter) is more commonly and sustainably harvested. Root bark yields approximately 0.14% hydrocyanic acid when collected in autumn compared to branch bark which yields somewhat less. Both root and branch bark must be thoroughly dried before use to reduce hydrocyanic acid content to safe levels. The bark should retain its characteristic bitter almond aroma; loss of this scent indicates degraded potency.
Key Constituents
Cyanogenic glycosides
The cyanogenic glycosides are responsible for wild cherry bark's primary action as a respiratory sedative and antitussive. Upon hydrolysis, they release trace amounts of hydrocyanic acid which locally sedates sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa, suppressing the cough reflex. The benzaldehyde produced as a co-product also contributes to the antispasmodic effect on bronchial smooth muscle. At therapeutic doses, the released HCN is readily metabolized by hepatic enzymes and poses no systemic toxicity risk in healthy adults.
Coumarins
Scopoletin provides synergistic anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic support for the respiratory tract. Research has demonstrated its capacity to inhibit inflammatory pathways (NF-kB, COX-2), which complements the cough-suppressing action of the cyanogenic glycosides and helps explain the herb's efficacy in inflammatory respiratory conditions including bronchitis and allergic airway irritation.
Tannins
The tannin content provides the astringent action that complements wild cherry bark's antitussive effect. By toning and tightening inflamed mucous membranes in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, tannins help reduce excessive mucus secretion and protect irritated tissue surfaces. This astringent action is particularly valuable in chronic coughs with profuse muco-purulent expectoration, one of the key Eclectic indications.
Volatile compounds
The volatile compounds, particularly benzaldehyde, contribute to the antispasmodic action on bronchial smooth muscle and the overall soothing quality of wild cherry bark preparations. The volatile oil is considered essential to the herb's therapeutic effect, which is why traditional preparation methods universally emphasize cold water extraction to preserve these heat-labile constituents.
Phenolic acids
The phenolic acid content contributes to the overall antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profile of wild cherry bark. These compounds provide tissue-protective effects and support the herb's traditional use as a convalescent tonic by reducing oxidative stress and supporting tissue recovery.
Flavonoids
The flavonoid content supports the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of wild cherry bark, complementing the primary antitussive action of the cyanogenic glycosides. Quercetin in particular has documented antihistamine and mast cell stabilizing effects that may contribute to the herb's traditional use for allergic respiratory conditions.
Triterpenoids
The triterpenoid content contributes to the cardiovascular-supportive and anti-inflammatory properties observed in traditional use. Ursolic acid's documented vasodilatory mechanism via nitric oxide pathways provides a pharmacological basis for the Eclectic tradition of using wild cherry bark as a mild cardiotonic and for functional cardiac palpitations.
Minerals and other compounds
The mineral and sugar content supports the traditional classification of wild cherry bark as a gentle, nourishing tonic. The presence of calcium, potassium, and iron contributes to the restorative quality valued during convalescence, aligning with the Eclectic and Native American traditions of using the bark as a strengthening agent after illness.
Herbal Actions
The primary and most well-documented action of wild cherry bark. The cyanogenic glycoside prunasin is hydrolyzed to release trace amounts of hydrocyanic acid, which locally sedates sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa and suppresses the cough reflex. This action is gentle and non-narcotic, making it suitable for persistent irritative coughs that exhaust the patient. Particularly effective for dry, spasmodic coughs and those that worsen at night. Listed in the BHP as an antitussive and recognized by the USP (until 1970) for this action.
[1, 2, 10, 11]Wild cherry bark acts as a relaxing expectorant, loosening and facilitating the removal of thick, tenacious mucus from the bronchial passages. This action works synergistically with the antitussive effect: the cough reflex is calmed from excessive, unproductive spasms while the underlying mucus is made more fluid and easier to expectorate. King's Dispensatory specifically notes its value in cases of 'continual irritative cough with profuse muco-purulent expectoration,' indicating the herb both reduces excessive coughing and assists productive expectoration.
[2, 3, 10]The significant tannin content (condensed tannins and gallic acid) provides a pronounced astringent action on mucous membranes throughout the body. This tones and tightens lax, boggy tissue and reduces excessive secretions. In the respiratory tract, this complements the antitussive action by reducing profuse mucoid discharge. In the gastrointestinal tract, it addresses chronic diarrhea and dyspepsia with excessive mucus. The astringent action also supports topical use as a wash for sores, ulcers, and skin irritations.
[1, 2, 10]Wild cherry bark relaxes smooth muscle spasm in the bronchial passages, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system. Benzaldehyde and scopoletin both contribute to this antispasmodic action. In the respiratory tract, this helps ease bronchospasm and the spasmodic component of persistent coughs. In the digestive tract, it relieves griping and spasmodic pain associated with chronic gastritis. Ellingwood notes its value in 'quelling spasms in the smooth muscles lining bronchioles.'
[2, 10, 11]Wild cherry bark exerts a mild, calming influence on the nervous system without producing overt drowsiness. King's Dispensatory describes a 'simultaneous sedative action on the nervous system and circulation.' This nervine quality helps calm the anxious, irritable state that often accompanies persistent coughs and chronic illness. It is especially valuable during convalescence when the patient is weakened and the nervous system is hypersensitive. Cook described it as effective for 'irritable nervousness associated with hectic conditions.'
[10, 11, 12]The pronounced bitter taste stimulates digestive secretions and improves appetite and nutrient assimilation. King's Dispensatory emphasizes wild cherry bark's 'tonic and stimulating influence on the digestive apparatus,' making it valuable during convalescence when appetite and digestion are impaired. Eclectic physicians used it extensively for chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, and loss of appetite accompanying debilitating illness. The bitter tonic action is preserved best in cold water infusions.
[10, 11, 12]Wild cherry bark has a gentle, supportive effect on cardiac function, particularly in cases of functional heart palpitations and weak, rapid pulse. Ellingwood writes that it is 'popular in the treatment of mild cases of palpitation, especially those of a functional character, or from reflex causes' and notes 'a direct tonic influence upon the heart when the muscular structure is greatly weakened.' This action is attributed to the triterpenoid content (ursolic acid) and the overall tonic quality of the bark. It is not a primary cardiotonic herb but provides supportive cardiac benefit, especially when heart symptoms are secondary to digestive or respiratory disease.
[10, 11]The scopoletin, flavonoid, and triterpenoid content contribute to a mild anti-inflammatory action, particularly on respiratory and gastrointestinal mucous membranes. Scopoletin has been shown to inhibit NF-kB and COX-2 inflammatory pathways. This anti-inflammatory quality complements the antitussive and astringent actions, helping to reduce the underlying tissue inflammation that drives chronic coughs, bronchitis, and sinus irritation.
[2, 5]Therapeutic Indications
Respiratory System
Irritative, nonproductive cough
The primary and best-documented indication for wild cherry bark. Particularly suited to dry, spasmodic, persistent coughs that are worse at night and exhausting to the patient. The cyanogenic glycosides sedate the cough reflex at the level of the sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa without suppressing productive expectoration. Listed in the BHP (1983), recognized by the USP (until 1970), and extensively documented in Eclectic literature as a premier cough remedy.
[1, 2, 10, 11]Acute and chronic bronchitis
Wild cherry bark addresses both the spasmodic cough and the excessive mucus production characteristic of bronchitis. The combination of antitussive, expectorant, and astringent actions makes it well-suited to bronchial conditions where there is a persistent cough with profuse muco-purulent expectoration. King's Dispensatory specifically lists it for chronic pulmonary conditions and notes its value in reducing 'irritating cough seen to be lessening the strength of the patient.' Best used after the acute inflammatory phase has passed, during the subacute or chronic stage.
[1, 2, 10]Whooping cough (pertussis)
A traditional indication dating to the Eclectic physicians. Ellingwood describes wild cherry bark as 'valuable in whooping-cough' and notes the syrup was commonly used as a vehicle for administering other remedies in this disease. The antispasmodic and antitussive actions help moderate the paroxysmal cough episodes while the expectorant quality assists clearing of tenacious bronchial mucus.
[10, 11]Nervous or reflex cough
Ellingwood specifically identifies wild cherry bark as 'excellent in reflex cough — the cough of nervous patients without apparent cause.' The mild nervine sedative action combined with the direct antitussive effect makes it particularly well-suited to coughs driven by nervous system hypersensitivity rather than primary respiratory pathology. These are the persistent, tickling coughs that occur in the absence of significant lung disease.
[2, 11]Allergic respiratory irritation (hay fever, allergic rhinitis)
The cooling, anti-inflammatory action of wild cherry bark combined with its astringent effect on mucous membranes supports its use for respiratory irritation from allergic causes. Hoffmann notes its value for 'acute and chronic sinus inflammation and allergies.' The quercetin content may provide some antihistamine and mast cell stabilizing effect, though this has not been specifically studied for wild cherry bark preparations.
[2]Digestive System
Chronic gastritis and dyspepsia
A well-established Eclectic indication. King's Dispensatory describes wild cherry bark's 'tonic and stimulating influence on the digestive apparatus.' Cook specifically recommended it for 'chronic gastritis with indigestion.' The bitter tonic action stimulates gastric secretions and improves appetite, while the astringent quality tones the gastric mucosa and reduces excessive mucoid secretion. The antispasmodic action eases griping and spasmodic digestive pain. Best for chronic conditions with underlying debility, not acute gastric inflammation.
[10, 11, 12]Loss of appetite (anorexia) during convalescence
King's Dispensatory lists 'loss of appetite' among its specific indications. The bitter compounds stimulate the bitter taste receptors on the tongue, triggering a vagal reflex that increases gastric acid and bile secretion, preparing the digestive system for food. This is particularly valuable during recovery from febrile or debilitating illness when appetite has been suppressed.
[10, 11]Diarrhea (chronic, non-infectious)
The astringent tannin content makes wild cherry bark useful for chronic, non-acute diarrhea characterized by lax intestinal mucosa and excessive fluid loss. The Delaware people traditionally used it for diarrhea, and the astringent action of the tannins helps tone the intestinal lining and reduce excessive secretions. Not indicated for acute infectious diarrhea where the body needs to expel pathogens.
[10, 13]Cardiovascular System
Functional cardiac palpitations
Ellingwood describes wild cherry bark as 'popular in the treatment of mild cases of palpitation, especially those of a functional character, or from reflex causes.' He notes that 'palpitation from disturbed stomach conditions is directly relieved by it' and credits the herb with 'a direct tonic influence upon the heart when the muscular structure is greatly weakened.' This indication reflects the herb's combined cardiotonic, nervine, and digestive actions. It is not for structural heart disease but for nervous or reflex palpitations, particularly those secondary to gastric disturbance.
[10, 11]Weak, rapid pulse with debility
King's Dispensatory lists 'rapid, weak circulation' as a specific indication. Wild cherry bark's mild cardiotonic action and its simultaneous sedative effect on the nervous system and circulation make it appropriate for the weak, rapid pulse characteristic of debility and exhaustion. This indication is closely tied to the convalescent picture where cardiovascular function is impaired secondary to prolonged illness.
[10, 11]Nervous System
Nervous irritability during convalescence
Wild cherry bark provides gentle nervous system sedation without overt drowsiness, making it well-suited to the restless, irritable state that accompanies prolonged illness and recovery. Cook specifically recommended it for 'irritable nervousness associated with hectic conditions.' King's Dispensatory describes a 'simultaneous sedative action on the nervous system.' This is a supportive rather than primary indication, often addressed alongside respiratory or digestive complaints.
[10, 12]Insomnia from persistent cough
The combination of antitussive and mild nervine sedative actions makes wild cherry bark specifically useful when persistent nighttime coughing disrupts sleep. By calming the cough reflex and gently sedating nervous excitability, the herb helps restore restful sleep in individuals suffering from chronic coughs. Often combined with other nervine herbs (e.g., valerian, passionflower) for this indication.
[2, 11]Musculoskeletal System
Topical application for sores and ulcers
Cook describes topical use of wild cherry bark preparations for 'irritated sores, particularly scrofulous types and painful ulcers from burns.' The astringent tannins tone and protect damaged tissue surfaces, while the anti-inflammatory constituents (scopoletin, flavonoids) reduce local inflammation. Used as a wash or poultice externally.
[12]Energetics
Temperature
cool
Moisture
slightly dry
Taste
Tissue States
Hot/excitation — calms irritated, inflamed tissue states with its cooling, sedative quality, Hot/constriction — relaxes spasmodic tension in bronchial and digestive smooth muscle, Damp/relaxation — tones lax, boggy mucous membranes with astringent tannins, reducing excessive secretions
Wild cherry bark is predominantly cool and slightly drying in its energetic action, making it most suitable for conditions characterized by heat and irritation with excessive or altered secretions. The cooling nature sedates the overexcited cough reflex and calms inflammation in the respiratory mucosa. The slight drying quality, contributed by the tannins, addresses boggy, lax tissue with excessive mucoid discharge. However, wild cherry bark also has a subtle warming, stimulating tonic quality noted by the Eclectic physicians — King's Dispensatory describes 'tonic and stimulating influence on the digestive apparatus' — which reflects its dual nature. The bitter taste stimulates digestion, the astringent taste tones tissue, and the slight sweetness points to its nourishing, tonic quality. Overall, it is best matched to individuals with signs of heat/irritation in the respiratory tract combined with underlying weakness or debility — the classic convalescent picture.
Traditional Uses
Cherokee
- Blood tonic and blood cleanser, taken as a spring tonic beverage
- Relief of labor pains and promotion of prompt delivery
- Easing menstrual discomfort and supporting female reproductive health
- Relaxing sedative for nervous and digestive system complaints
- Treatment of coughs, colds, and fever
- General pain relief due to sedative and tranquilizing qualities
"The Cherokee peoples valued wild cherry bark as 'a tonic and a blood cleanser.' Women of the Cherokee used it to alleviate labour pains and to promote a prompt delivery. The dried inner bark was commonly prepared as a tea or long water infusion for colds, fevers, diarrhea, and as a general pain reliever due to its tranquilizing and sedative qualities."
[13]
Mohegan
- Treatment of colds when combined with boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
- Fermented berry juice used for dysentery
- Bark tea for cough and respiratory complaints
"The Mohegan people of Connecticut combine the bark with boneset for colds. They historically allowed the ripe wild black cherry to ferment naturally in a jar for about a year and then drank the juice to cure dysentery."
[13]
Delaware (Lenape)
- Spring tonic prepared from bark
- Treatment of diarrhea
- Cough syrup prepared from the fruit
- Gynecological applications
"The Delaware people used wild cherry bark in a spring tonic as well as for diarrhea, even calling it 'excrement tree.' They utilized the fruit in a cough syrup and used the plant for gynecological issues."
[13]
Iroquois
- Treatment of cough, colds, flu, and fever
- Expulsion of intestinal worms
- Treatment of diarrhea
- Poultice of bark applied to neck and forehead for headache
- Steam bath of bark for infants with coughs and colds
- Spiritual and ceremonial uses — bark believed to ward off evil spirits
- Used for miscarriage-related conditions
"The Iroquois consider the wild cherry tree a symbol of strength and power and believe the bark helps to ward off evil spirits. Medicinally, they used bark to treat cough, colds/flu, fever, and to expel worms and treat diarrhea. A poultice of the bark was applied to the neck and forehead to ease the pain of a headache, and the bark was used as a steam bath for babies with coughs and colds."
[13]
Potawatomi
- Strong purgative taken before ceremonial events for purification
"The Potawatomi traditionally employed wild cherry bark preparations as a strong purgative before ceremonial events, reflecting both its medicinal and spiritual significance."
[13]
Eclectic American Medicine
- Chronic coughs with excessive expectoration
- Whooping cough (both as direct treatment and as a syrup vehicle)
- Reflex cough of nervous origin
- Convalescence from pneumonia, pleurisy, and febrile diseases
- Chronic gastritis and dyspepsia
- Functional cardiac palpitations
- Weak, rapid circulation with debility
- Loss of appetite during illness
- Hectic fever with irritable cough
- Tuberculosis (palliative — reducing cough and supporting digestion)
"Ellingwood (1919): 'Wild cherry is popular in the treatment of mild cases of palpitation, especially those of a functional character, or from reflex causes. Palpitation from disturbed stomach conditions is directly relieved by it. It is said to have a direct tonic influence upon the heart when the muscular structure is greatly weakened.' King's American Dispensatory (1898): 'It is valuable in all cases where it is desirable to give tone and strength to the system, without at the same time causing too great an action of the heart and blood-vessels, as during convalescence from pleurisy, pneumonia, acute hepatitis, and other inflammatory and febrile diseases.'"
Physiomedicalism
- Chronic gastritis with indigestion
- Convalescence from typhoid and debilitating illnesses
- Irritable nervousness with hectic conditions
- Irritable coughs, both acute and chronic
- Topical application to scrofulous sores and burn ulcers
"William Cook (1869) described wild cherry bark as 'a mild and soothing tonic, slightly astringent' and emphasized its capacity to provide soothing effects alongside tonic action without causing feverishness. He strongly cautioned against using boiling water or heat in preparation, noting that 'its better qualities are volatile' and that heat destroys the soothing properties while developing undesirable astringency."
[12]
United States Pharmacopeia (historical)
- Cough suppressant and respiratory sedative
- Flavoring agent for pharmaceutical preparations
- Vehicle for administration of other medicines (as syrup)
"Wild cherry bark was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia as an official drug from 1820 through 1970, primarily recognized as a remedy for respiratory ailments and as a flavoring vehicle. Syrupus Pruni Virginianae (Syrup of Wild Cherry) was an official USP/NF preparation used both therapeutically and as a pleasant-tasting vehicle for administering other medicines, particularly to children."
[14]
Modern Research
Cyanogenic glycoside metabolism and antitussive mechanism
The antitussive action of wild cherry bark is attributed to the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin, which undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by prunase to yield glucose, benzaldehyde, and trace amounts of hydrocyanic acid (HCN). Modern understanding of this mechanism confirms the historical use: the slowly released HCN acts locally on sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa to suppress the cough reflex at a peripheral level. The body's hepatic rhodanese enzyme system efficiently converts the small amounts of absorbed HCN to thiocyanate, which is excreted renally, providing a wide margin of safety at therapeutic doses of dried bark preparations.
Findings: Prunasin is the principal cyanogenic glycoside in the bark, while amygdalin predominates in leaves and seeds. The slow, controlled release of HCN from oral administration of dried bark preparations produces a mild, dose-dependent suppression of the cough reflex without systemic cyanide toxicity at recommended doses. The partially dried bark contains the highest levels of free HCN due to optimal enzyme-substrate contact during the drying process, explaining the traditional insistence on using only fully dried bark. Leaves contain substantially higher levels of cyanogenic glycosides (approximately 59 mg/g prunasin, 21 mg/g amygdalin) than bark.
Limitations: No modern randomized controlled trials have specifically evaluated wild cherry bark preparations for cough suppression in humans. The mechanism of action is inferred from pharmacological understanding of HCN effects on neural tissue and from centuries of empirical clinical observation. Most pharmacokinetic data derives from studies of cyanogenic glycosides from related Prunus species and from toxicological literature rather than from direct study of therapeutic wild cherry bark preparations.
Antioxidant activity of Prunus serotina
Studies on Prunus serotina have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, particularly in the polyphenol-rich fractions of the bark and fruit. The antioxidant capacity has been attributed to the high content of phenolic compounds including anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. Aqueous extracts of the fruit showed high FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) values, and the peel fractions demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity correlated with total polyphenol content.
Findings: Fresh fruit FRAP values reached 1455 micromol TE/100g of fresh weight, with peel fractions achieving even higher values of 1991 micromol TE/100g. DPPH antioxidant capacity exceeded that of comparable fruits such as plums and grapes by approximately 15%. Strong correlations were found between polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (r = 0.875 for DPPH, r = 0.959 for FRAP). The primary anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside was present at 272 mg/100g in fruit tissue.
Limitations: These studies primarily focused on fruit extracts rather than bark preparations, and all data is from in vitro assays. The relevance of these antioxidant findings to the therapeutic effects of bark preparations used in clinical herbalism has not been directly established. No human pharmacokinetic studies have assessed bioavailability of antioxidant constituents from wild cherry bark.
[5]
Vasodilatory and cardiovascular activity
In vitro studies on triterpenes isolated from Prunus serotina fruit (ursolic acid and uvaol) demonstrated concentration-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aortic tissue. Both compounds activated the nitric oxide/cGMP and hydrogen sulfide/KATP channel signaling pathways, providing a mechanistic basis for the traditional use of wild cherry bark for cardiovascular support and functional cardiac palpitations described by the Eclectic physicians.
Findings: Ursolic acid induced aortic relaxation with an EC50 of 21.5 mcg/mL and maximum efficacy of 97.7%. Uvaol showed similar potency with an EC50 of 19.3 mcg/mL and 93.4% efficacy. Both compounds acted through endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms, involving activation of NO/cGMP and H2S/KATP channel pathways. These findings provide a pharmacological rationale for the Eclectic indication of wild cherry bark for functional cardiac palpitations and cardiovascular debility.
Limitations: These studies used isolated triterpenes from fruit tissue, not bark extracts. The concentrations used in vitro may not be achievable through oral administration of traditional bark preparations. No human cardiovascular studies have been conducted with wild cherry bark. The relevance of fruit-derived triterpene data to bark-based herbal preparations requires further investigation.
[5]
Antimicrobial activity
Ethanol extracts of Prunus serotina demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity was correlated with the high anthocyanin and polyphenol content of the extracts, suggesting that the phenolic compounds are primary contributors to the antibacterial effects. Additionally, studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, lending some support to historical use for urinary tract and reproductive tract infections.
Findings: Ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The activity was attributed to the phenolic and anthocyanin content. Separate research confirmed antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Limitations: All data is from in vitro studies using solvent extracts, not traditional preparations (cold infusions, syrups). Minimum inhibitory concentrations and in vivo efficacy have not been established. The antimicrobial activity may not be clinically significant at doses achieved through traditional oral preparations.
[5]
Scopoletin pharmacology
Scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin), a naturally occurring coumarin first isolated from Prunus serotina bark by Power and Moore in 1909, has been the subject of extensive pharmacological research. Modern studies have demonstrated broad anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, and smooth muscle relaxant properties. Scopoletin inhibits multiple inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-kB and COX-2, providing a pharmacological basis for the anti-inflammatory component of wild cherry bark's therapeutic action.
Findings: Scopoletin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NF-kB signaling, suppression of COX-2 expression, and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. It also shows antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle, antioxidant activity, antihypertensive effects, hepatoprotective properties, and neuroprotective actions. These pharmacological activities align well with the traditional therapeutic profile of wild cherry bark, particularly its use for inflammatory respiratory conditions, bronchospasm, and as a gentle cardiovascular tonic.
Limitations: Scopoletin research has been conducted on isolated compound, not in the context of whole wild cherry bark preparations. The concentration of scopoletin in therapeutic bark preparations and its bioavailability from these preparations have not been specifically quantified. Synergistic or antagonistic interactions with other bark constituents are unknown.
[8]
Antiproliferative activity
Preliminary research has identified antiproliferative activity in Prunus serotina extracts against several cancer cell lines. While these findings are very early-stage and not applicable to clinical practice, they suggest potential areas for future investigation of the cytotoxic potential of wild cherry bark constituents.
Findings: Extracts from Prunus serotina demonstrated antiproliferative activity in colorectal, pancreatic, prostate, and breast cancer cell lines in vitro. The activity was attributed to the combined effects of phenolic compounds, triterpenoids (particularly ursolic acid, which has documented antitumor properties), and other bioactive constituents.
Limitations: All data is from in vitro cell line studies. No animal models or human trials have been conducted. The concentrations used may not be achievable through oral administration. These findings are purely preliminary and should not be interpreted as evidence for anticancer therapeutic use.
[5]
Preparations & Dosage
cold-infusion
Strength: 1 ounce bark to 1 pint cold water (approximately 1:16); or 1 teaspoon per cup
Cold water infusion is the traditional and preferred preparation method for wild cherry bark, as it best preserves the volatile constituents (benzaldehyde, HCN from prunasin) that are essential for the antitussive effect. Use 1 heaping teaspoon (approximately 2-4 g) of dried, coarsely crushed bark per cup (240 mL) of cold or room-temperature water. Allow to macerate for 4 to 8 hours (or overnight) in a covered vessel. Strain and drink. Do NOT use boiling water, as William Cook strongly cautioned that heat destroys the soothing, volatile properties while developing undesirable astringency. King's Dispensatory recommends: 1 ounce of bark to 1 pint of cold water, macerated and strained.
1 cup (240 mL) of cold infusion, 3 to 5 times daily
3 to 5 times daily during acute cough; 2 to 3 times daily for chronic or tonic use
Short courses of 2 to 4 weeks for acute coughs; longer use requires professional supervision due to cyanogenic glycoside content
One-quarter to one-half cup for children ages 4-12, 2 to 3 times daily; avoid in children under 4 without professional supervision
Cold infusion is strongly preferred over hot infusion or decoction. All traditional authorities (Cook, King's Dispensatory, Ellingwood) emphasize that heat degrades the volatile therapeutic constituents. The resulting preparation should have a pronounced bitter almond aroma and bitter-astringent taste, indicating that the volatile constituents are intact. If the preparation lacks this characteristic aroma, the bark may be old or the preparation method flawed.
Tincture
Strength: 1:5 in 40% ethanol
Prepare a tincture using dried wild cherry bark at a ratio of 1:5 in 40% ethanol (80 proof). Finely chop or coarsely grind the dried bark and place in a glass jar. Cover with the appropriate volume of menstruum (alcohol-water mixture). Seal tightly and macerate for 4 to 6 weeks, shaking daily. Strain through muslin, press the marc to extract remaining liquid, and bottle in amber glass. The alcohol effectively extracts and preserves both the water-soluble tannins and the alcohol-soluble volatile compounds and glycosides.
2-4 mL (approximately 40-80 drops), taken 3 times daily
3 times daily for acute conditions; 2 times daily for chronic or tonic use
Short courses of 2 to 4 weeks for acute conditions; intermittent use preferred for longer-term application
For children over 4 years: 0.5-1 mL, diluted in water or juice, 2 to 3 times daily. Glycerite may be preferred for children.
The tincture is a convenient and well-preserved preparation that maintains potency longer than dried bark or cold infusions. Hoffmann (2003) recommends the 1:5, 40% tincture at 2-4 mL three times daily. Some practitioners use a stronger 1:3 ratio for more concentrated dosing. The tincture can be added to warm (not boiling) water immediately before consumption to allow some alcohol to evaporate, making it more palatable.
Syrup
Strength: 2 oz bark per pint of liquid, preserved with honey or sugar
Wild cherry bark syrup is the most palatable preparation and the traditional form for children and for cough formulas. To prepare: coarsely crush 2 ounces (60 g) of dried wild cherry bark and moisten with cold water. Allow to stand for 12 hours (or 6 hours in warm weather). Then slowly percolate with cold water to obtain 1 pint (480 mL) of liquid extract. To this percolate, dissolve 14 ounces (400 g) of raw honey or sugar over very gentle heat (do not boil). Alternatively, combine a cold infusion with an equal part of raw honey without heating. The syrup may be preserved with a small amount of brandy or vegetable glycerin (1-2 tablespoons per pint).
1-2 tablespoons (15-30 mL), 3 to 4 times daily
3 to 4 times daily as needed for cough; take a dose at bedtime for nighttime cough
Use for duration of acute cough episode, typically 1 to 3 weeks
1-2 teaspoons (5-10 mL) for children ages 4-12, 2 to 3 times daily; no honey for children under 1 year
Syrupus Pruni Virginianae was an official USP preparation for over 150 years. The syrup is the preferred form for cough treatment because the demulcent quality of the honey or sugar provides additional soothing action on the irritated pharyngeal and bronchial mucosa, complementing the antitussive action of the bark constituents. Wild cherry bark is a classic base ingredient in compound herbal cough syrups, often combined with horehound, elecampane, marshmallow root, or licorice. The cold percolation method is essential — heat must be avoided or minimized to preserve volatile constituents.
Decoction
Strength: 1-2 teaspoons dried bark per cup of water
Note: Decoction is NOT the preferred preparation method for wild cherry bark. Traditional authorities universally recommend cold infusion to preserve volatile constituents. However, if a decoction is necessary (e.g., when combining with other herbs that require decoction), add the wild cherry bark at the END of the decoction process. Bring other herbs to a simmer, remove from heat, then add the wild cherry bark and allow to steep in the cooling liquid for 15-20 minutes with the lid on. This minimizes loss of volatile compounds.
1 cup (240 mL), 3 times daily
3 times daily
2 to 4 weeks for acute conditions
One-quarter to one-half cup for children ages 4-12, 2 to 3 times daily
All traditional authorities (Cook, King's, Ellingwood) emphasize that boiling destroys the volatile therapeutic properties of wild cherry bark. Cook specifically warned that heat 'destroys soothing properties while developing undesirable astringency.' If a decoction must be used, expect reduced antitussive efficacy compared to cold infusion or tincture, as the volatile benzaldehyde and much of the hydrolyzed prunasin will be lost to evaporation. The remaining preparation will still have astringent and bitter tonic properties from the heat-stable tannins and phenolic acids.
powder
Strength: 500-600 mg per capsule; 1-2 g total per dose
Dried wild cherry bark may be finely powdered and administered in capsules or mixed with honey or other carriers. Powder 1 ounce of thoroughly dried bark using a mortar and pestle or herb grinder. Sieve through a fine mesh to achieve uniform particle size. Fill size 00 gelatin or vegetable capsules, each containing approximately 500-600 mg of powdered bark.
1-2 grams (2-4 capsules of approximately 500 mg each), taken 3 times daily with water
3 times daily with meals for digestive indications; between meals for respiratory use
2 to 4 weeks; discontinue if no improvement
Not generally recommended for children; syrup or diluted tincture preferred
Powdered bark in capsule form is the least traditional preparation method and may be less effective than liquid preparations because it bypasses the direct contact with pharyngeal and bronchial mucosa that cold infusions and syrups provide. However, capsules are convenient for the bitter tonic and astringent indications where taste is not therapeutically relevant. King's Dispensatory gives a dose of 1-2 drachms (approximately 3.5-7 grams) of powdered bark, but modern practice tends toward lower doses.
topical
Strength: 2 oz bark per pint of cold water (double-strength cold infusion)
Prepare a strong cold infusion using 2 ounces of dried bark per pint of cold water, macerated for 8-12 hours. Strain thoroughly. Use the resulting liquid as a wash or compress for external applications. Alternatively, the cold infusion can be thickened with slippery elm bark powder to create a poultice consistency. Apply to affected area using clean cloth compresses soaked in the infusion, or apply the poultice directly.
Apply as needed, 2 to 4 times daily to affected areas
2 to 4 times daily
Continue until condition resolves
External use; apply to affected areas as needed, monitoring for skin sensitivity
Cook specifically recommended topical use for 'irritated sores, particularly scrofulous types and painful ulcers from burns.' The astringent tannins in the bark promote wound healing by toning tissue and reducing excessive discharge, while the anti-inflammatory constituents help manage local inflammation and pain. This is a minor traditional application compared to internal respiratory and digestive use.
[12]
Safety & Interactions
Class 2b
Not to be used during lactation (AHPA Botanical Safety Handbook)
Contraindications
Wild cherry bark is classified as AHPA Class 2b (not to be used during pregnancy). The cyanogenic glycosides, particularly prunasin and amygdalin, pose potential teratogenic risk. Animal studies have documented birth defects in piglets born to pregnant sows that consumed Prunus serotina bark and leaves, including limb deformities and agenesis of the tail and anus. While these were likely high-dose exposures, the mechanism (cyanide-mediated teratogenicity) warrants absolute avoidance during pregnancy. Although the Cherokee traditionally used wild cherry bark to ease labor, this use reflects a specific, controlled context under experienced traditional guidance and is not recommended in modern practice.
Wild cherry leaves, fresh bark, wilted or partially dried material, and seeds contain significantly higher concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides than fully dried bark and can release dangerous levels of hydrocyanic acid. Livestock fatalities from consumption of wilted cherry leaves are well-documented, and human poisoning from excessive consumption of seeds or leaves has been reported. Only thoroughly dried bark from branches or roots should be used medicinally. Partially dried bark is paradoxically more dangerous than fresh bark because the drying process activates enzymes that release HCN.
Drug Interactions
| Drug / Class | Severity | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Codeine and other opioid antitussives (Opioid antitussives) | theoretical | Additive cough suppression. Both wild cherry bark (via HCN-mediated peripheral cough reflex sedation) and opioid antitussives (via central cough center suppression) suppress the cough reflex through different mechanisms. Combined use could theoretically result in excessive cough suppression. |
| Sedative and anxiolytic medications (CNS depressants (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, sedating antihistamines)) | theoretical | Wild cherry bark has mild nervine sedative properties. Concurrent use with CNS depressant medications could theoretically produce additive sedation, although the nervine effect of wild cherry bark is mild. |
| Iron supplements (Mineral supplements) | minor | The tannin content of wild cherry bark can bind iron and other minerals in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially reducing their absorption. This is a general property of tannin-containing herbs rather than a specific interaction unique to wild cherry bark. |
Pregnancy & Lactation
Pregnancy
unsafe
Lactation
insufficient data
Wild cherry bark is contraindicated in pregnancy (AHPA Class 2b). Cyanogenic glycosides and their metabolites can cross the placental barrier, and animal data (swine study) has demonstrated teratogenic effects including limb deformities from maternal consumption of Prunus serotina material. While the Cherokee traditionally used wild cherry bark to ease labor, modern risk assessment warrants absolute avoidance during pregnancy. For lactation, there is insufficient data to establish safety. The potential for cyanogenic glycoside metabolites to pass into breast milk and the infant's reduced hepatic detoxification capacity warrant a cautious approach. Avoid during breastfeeding until adequate safety data are available.
Adverse Effects
References
Monograph Sources
- [1] British Herbal Medicine Association. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Prunus serotina (Wild Cherry Bark). British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (1983) : 169-170 . ISBN: 0-903032-07-4
- [2] Hoffmann, David. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Healing Arts Press (2003) : 585-586 . ISBN: 978-0892817498
- [3] Bone, Kerry; Mills, Simon. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier (2013) . ISBN: 978-0443069925
- [4] Gardner, Zoë; McGuffin, Michael (eds.). American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. CRC Press (2013) : 716-718 . ISBN: 978-1466516946
Clinical Studies
- [5] Luna-Vázquez, F.J.; Ibarra-Alvarado, C.; Rojas-Molina, A.; Rojas-Molina, I.; Zavala-Sánchez, M.A.. Vasodilator compounds derived from plants and their mechanisms of action. Molecules (2013) ; 18 : 5814-5857 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055814
- [6] Vetter, J.. Plant cyanogenic glycosides. Toxicon (2000) ; 38 : 11-36 . DOI: 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00128-2
- [7] Bolarinwa, I.F.; Orfila, C.; Morgan, M.R.A.. Amygdalin content of seeds, kernels and food products commercially-available in the UK. Food Chemistry (2014) ; 152 : 133-139 . DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.002
- [8] Li, Y.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Y.. Scopoletin: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2024) ; 15 . DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1268464
- [9] Przybylska, K.L.; Malachowska, B.U.; Sliwa, K.. Phytopharmacological Possibilities of Bird Cherry Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. Species and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals. Nutrients (2020) ; 12 : 1966 . DOI: 10.3390/nu12071966 . PMID: 32630256
Traditional Texts
- [10] Felter, Harvey Wickes; Lloyd, John Uri. King's American Dispensatory: Prunus Virginiana — Wild Cherry. Ohio Valley Company (1898)
- [11] Ellingwood, Finley. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy: Prunus. Ellingwood's Therapeutist (1919)
- [12] Cook, William H.. The Physio-Medical Dispensatory: Prunus Virginiana. Wm. H. Cook (1869)
- [13] Moerman, Daniel E.. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press (1998) . ISBN: 978-0881924534
Pharmacopeias & Reviews
- [14] United States Pharmacopeial Convention. The United States Pharmacopeia: Prunus Virginiana (Wild Cherry Bark). United States Pharmacopeial Convention (1970) : Listed from 1820-1970 editions
Last updated: 2026-03-02 | Status: review
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